![]() ![]() After the German occupation of France, Serge fled to Mexico, where he died in 1947. There Serge continued to write fiction, while struggling to expose the totalitarian character of the Soviet state for a while he also aided Trotsky, translating a number of his works. International protests from eminent figures such as André Gide succeeded in securing Serge’s freedom, and in 1936 he left Russia for exile in France. Released, Serge turned to writing fiction and history, only to be arrested again in 1933 and deported to Central Asia. Traveling between Petrograd, Moscow, Berlin, and Vienna, Serge served as the editor of the journal Communist International, but in 1928 his condemnation of Stalin’s growing power led to his expulsion from the Communist Party and imprisonment. In 1919, he went to Russia to support the Bolshevik Revolution. ![]() As a young man, he lived in Paris, moving in anarchist circles and enduring five years in prison for his beliefs. VICTOR SERGE (1890–1947) was born Victor Kibalchich in Brussels in 1890, the son of Russian political exiles. ![]()
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